Psychedelic Medicine Library: Research & Insights Explore Studies, Clinical Research & Key Findings in Psychedelic Therapy

Welcome to our Literature Library, a comprehensive resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, and anyone interested in the evolving field of psychedelic medicine. Here, you will find selected medical and scientific literature that illuminates the therapeutic potentials and clinical applications of psychedelic substances.

Our library aims to bridge the gap between emerging research and practical healthcare applications, providing you with access to key studies, their findings, and implications for treatment.

Whether you’re exploring innovative treatments for mental health, pain, and dependency disorders, or seeking a deeper understanding of psychedelic-assisted therapies, you’ll discover essential research to enhance your knowledge base and support evidence-based practice.

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Rapid Response with Ketamine on Suicidal Cognition in Resistant Depression

Rajarshi Guha Thakurta, et al.
2012   |   Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine
The ketamine infusion was effective in reducing the SSI and HDRS scores, the change remained significant from minute 40 to 230 at each time point. The real strength of this study rests in documenting the rapid albeit short-lasting effect of ketamine on suicidal ideation in depressed patients.
Cover of the Journal of Psychiatric Research, Volume 61, Number 1, July 2015, featuring a brain image and scientific graphics.

Improvement in suicidal ideation after ketamine infusion: relationship to reductions in depression and anxiety

Elizabeth D. Ballard, et al.
2014   |   Journal of Psychiatric Research
Improvements in suicidal ideation after ketamine infusion are related to, but not completely driven by, improvements in depression and anxiety. Investigation of the specific effects of ketamine on suicidal thoughts is warranted.
Cover of the Journal of Affective Disorders featuring an abstract profile with colorful mind imagery on a yellow background.

Characterizing the course of suicidal ideation response to ketamine

Elizabeth D. Ballard, et al.
2018   |   Journal of Affective Disorders
The results underscore the heterogeneity of SI response to ketamine and its potential independence from changes in Depressed Mood. Individuals reporting symptoms suggesting a longstanding history of chronic SI were less likely to respond or remit post-ketamine.
Cover of the "Journal of Affective Disorders," featuring abstract green shapes on the left and a circular image with a 3.078 impact factor at the top.

Clinical differences among depressed patients with and without a history of suicide attempts: Findings from the STAR⁎D trial

Cynthia A. Claassen, et al.
2006   |   Journal of Affective Disorders
Those with a history of suicidal behavior suffer a greater burden of depressive illness. Earlier intervention and ongoing, aggressive care, including maintenance-phase pharmacotherapy, may be critical to mitigating the long-term consequences associated with this increased disease burden.
Cover of "Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews" featuring an abstract, multicolored geometric design with red, blue, and peach tones.

Ketamine for suicidal ideation treatment: Available evidence remains convincing

Francesco Bartoli, Cristina Crocamo, & Giuseppe Carra
2019   |   Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Cover of the journal "Materials Science & Engineering C." Title reads "Materials for Biological Applications" with abstract scientific images in blue, yellow, and pink.

Chamomile flower extract-directed CuO nanoparticle formation for its antioxidant and DNA cleavage properties

Fatih Duman, Ismail Ocsoy, & Fatma Ozturk Kup
2015   |   Materials Science and Engineering: C
Consequently, flower parts of chamomile were used as reducing and capping agents to obtain CuO NP using microwave heating method in a simple manner and in a short time. According to characterization results, CuO NP was spherical and about 140 nm in size. CuO NP showed effective and concentration-dependent antioxidant activity. Furthermore, it was determined that CuO NPs can act as a chemical nuclease and can generate DNA cleavage or breaks. The results obtained from the study may be useful for preventing apoptotic cell proliferation and for cancer studies.
Cover of Neuropharmacology, Volume 265, featuring molecular structures and orange spheres on a white background, dated March 1, 2025.

Ketamine treatment involves medial prefrontal cortex serotonin to induce a rapid antidepressant-like activity in BALB/cJ mice

T.H. Pham, et al.
2016   |   Neuropharmacology
In conclusion, ketamine displays a more effective, a persistent more rapid antidepressant-like activity than fluoxetine in several behavioral tests. Unlike fluoxetine, acute ketamine reduced immobility duration at this time point in the FST by inducing a robust increase in swimming duration associated with mPFCx/[5-HT]ext increases. Moreover, the depletion of 5-HT synthesis by PCPA abolished ketamine effects in the FST. Thus, ketamine, a non 5-HT compound, surprisingly requires cortical 5-HT system to induce its antidepressant-like effects. Differences with fluoxetine in neural adaptation of mPFCx-DRN circuits are likely to mediate their serotonergic characteristics.
Cover of "Biological Psychiatry" journal, Volume 76, Issue 12, featuring a brain illustration with colored regions and labeled pathways. Text highlights N-Acetylaspartate importance in psychiatric research.

Restoring Mood Balance in Depression: Ketamine Reverses Deficit in Dopamine-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity

Pauline Belujon & Anthony A. Grace
2015   |   Biological Psychiatry
We show that ketamine is able to restore the integrity of a network by acting on the DA system and restoring synaptic dysfunction observed in stress-induced depression. We show that part of the antidepressant effect of ketamine is via the DA system. Indeed, injection of ketamine restores a decreased dopamine neuron population activity, as well as synaptic plasticity (long-term potentiation) in the hippocampus-accumbens pathway, via, in part, activation of D1 receptors. This work provides a unique systems perspective on the mechanisms of ketamine on a disrupted limbic system.
Cover of The American Journal of Psychiatry, October 2013, featuring a female figure silhouette filled with various small objects against a dark green background.

Antidepressant Efficacy of Ketamine in Treatment-Resistant Major Depression: A Two-Site Randomized Controlled Trial

James Murrough, et al.
2013   |   American Journal of Psychiatry
Ketamine demonstrated rapid antidepressant effects in an optimized study design, further supporting NMDA receptor modulation as a novel mechanism for accelerated improvement in severe and chronic forms of depression. More information on response durability and safety is required before implementation in clinical practice.
Cover image of the Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Volume 39, Issue 4, July/August 2019, with editors' names and editorial board listed.

Effects of Repeated Intravenous Ketamine in Treatment-Resistant Geriatric Depression: A Case Series

Kelly Bryant, et al.
2019   |   Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology
The relative safety of intravenous ketamine in the elderly was demonstrated by the mild, transient adverse effects seen by this patient group. The geriatric population is unable to maintain an antidepressant response to intravenous ketamine over time, signifying that ketamine has low efficacy for the elderly.
Cover of "The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry," February 2018 issue, featuring a table of contents on a purple gradient background.

Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Titrated Subcutaneous Ketamine in Older Patients with Treatment-Resistant Depression

Duncan George, et al.
2017   |   The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
Results provide preliminary evidence for the efficacy and safety of ketamine in treating elderly depressed. Dose titration is recommended for optimizing antidepressant and safety outcomes on an individual basis. Subcutaneous injection is a practical method for giving ketamine. Repeated treatments may improve remission rates.
Cover of "Brain and Behavior" journal showing a geometric red brain illustration on a black background. Volume 10, Number 9. Editor-in-Chief: Nutan Sharma.

Intraoperative ketamine for reduction in postpartum depressive symptoms after cesarean delivery: A double-blind, randomized clinical trial

Jiaxin Yao, et al.
2020   |   Brain and Behavior
Between 26 January 2019 and 15 July 2019, 502 subjects were screened and 330 were randomly allocated: 165 (50%) to the ketamine group and 165 (50%) to the placebo group. There were significant differences in the degree of postpartum depressive symptoms between subjects in the ketamine group and the placebo group at 1 week postpartum. However, no difference was found between subjects in the two groups at 2 weeks and 1 month postpartum. The NRS score of wound pain and uterine contraction pain was lower in the ketamine group at 2 days postpartum compared with placebo group. The prevalence of headache, hallucination, and dizziness was higher in the ketamine group than the placebo group during the operation. Operative intravenous ketamine (0.25 mg/kg) can reduce the postpartum depressive symptoms for 1 week. The long-time effect is remained to be seen.
Cover of Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica journal, Volume 134, July 2016, listing editor Ida Hageman and associate editors.

Placebo-controlled pilot trial testing dose titration and intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous routes for ketamine in depression

C. K. Loo, et al.
2016   |   Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
Antidepressant response occurred at a range of doses and at <0.5 mg/kg. The dose-titration approach is a practical method for optimizing the efficacy – side-effects trade-off on an individual patient basis. This pilot study provides preliminary evidence for SC injection as a practical, feasible and efficacious treatment approach.
Cover of the journal "CNS Drugs," featuring text and a blue background with abstract patterns.

Ketamine for treatment-resistant unipolar depression: current evidence

Sanjay J. Mathew, et al.
2012   |   CNS Drugs
The first generation of studies in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) reported the safety and acute efficacy of a single subanaesthetic dose (0.5 mg/kg) of intravenous ketamine. A second generation of ketamine studies is focused on testing alternate routes of drug delivery, identifying methods to prevent relapse following resolution of depressive symptoms and understanding the neural basis for the putative antidepressant actions of ketamine. In addition to traditional depression rating endpoints, ongoing research is examining the impact of ketamine on neurocognition. Although the first clinical report in MDD was published in 2000, there is a paucity of adequately controlled double-blind trials, and limited clinical experience outside of research settings. Given the potential risks of ketamine, safety considerations will ultimately determine whether this old drug is successfully repositioned as a new therapy for TRD.
Cover of the journal "Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics," January 2013 issue, Volume 287. Publisher: Springer.

Single bolus low-dose of ketamine does not prevent postpartum depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective clinical trial

Yang Xu, et al.
2017   |   Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
No significant differences were found in the prevalence of postpartum depression between the two groups at 3 days and 6 weeks after delivery. The pain scores measured at 3 days postoperatively were not significantly different between the groups, whereas the scores measured at 6 week postpartum were significantly reduced in the treatment group compared with the saline group (P = 0.014). Intra-operative low-dose ketamine (0.25 mg/kg) does not have a preventive effect on postpartum depression.
Cover of "The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry," February 2018 issue, featuring a table of contents on a purple gradient background.

Ketamine in Late Life Treatment-Resistant Depression

Erika Heard, et al.
2017   |   The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
The literature on intravenous ketamine infusions has shown effectiveness in reducing depressive symptoms in cases of TRD. Similarly, our patient had a decline in depressive symptoms and a positive outcome. The case highlights that ketamine can be used as an alternative for the TRD population that may not qualify for ECT. Within the geriatric population, comorbid pathology and poly-pharmacy increase the chance of morbidity and mortality. Ketamine infusions at a low dose can be a potential treatment if monitored closely over a course of time. Therefore, ketamine infusions offer a safe and effective alternative option for TRD patients in psychiatric facilities where close monitoring can occur. Patients on ketamine treatments should be continually monitored for addiction potential and adverse effects to ketamine infusions, none of which were seen with our current patient. Further research on this novel therapy will yield greater knowledge of how to best utilize ketamine infusions for the general population and more specifically for the geriatric subset that encompasses the majority of TRD patients.
Cover of the Journal of Psychiatric Research featuring a brain illustration and abstract design elements. Volume and issue details are visible at the top.

Intravenous ketamine for postmenopausal women with treatment-resistant depression: Results from the Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence

Orly Lipsitz, et al.
2020   |   Journal of Psychiatric Research
In summary, both premenopausal and postmenopausal women with TRD reported experiencing significant symptom relief with IV ketamine treatment. However, the reported effects are relatively small in size, and therefore there remains uncertainty in the results presented herein. Future research should endeavor to evaluate menopausal status using biochemical measures (e.g., FSH) or self-report measures of menopausal status. It is also important to determine whether more robust findings are detected with a sample that is defined by hormone level. Whether estrogen-augmentation of IV ketamine in postmenopausal women is safe and/or synergistically effective is a testable hypothesis and would be an interesting investigatory avenue. Moreover, evaluating IV ketamine's safety and efficacy in hormone-related mood changes, notably peripartum and postpartum depression and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), would be especially valuable given the urgency for rapid symptom relief.
Cover of the Journal of Psychiatric Research featuring a brain illustration and abstract design elements. Volume and issue details are visible at the top.

Sex differences in response to ketamine as a rapidly acting intervention for treatment resistant depression

Marlene P. Freeman, et al.
2019   |   Journal of Psychiatric Research
Results do not support differential efficacy or tolerability of ketamine for the treatment of TRD between women and men, nor based on menopause status among women. However, larger trials with these a priori aims are needed to confirm these results.

Effects of ketamine treatment on suicidal ideation: a qualitative study of patients' accounts following treatment for depression in a UK ketamine clinic

Karen Lascelles, et al.
2019   |   BMJ Open
Generally, ketamine treatment was experienced as effective in reducing SI, although duration of effects varied considerably. Patients' perspectives indicated similarities in the mechanisms of reduction in SI, but some differences in their manifestation, particularly in relation to chronology. Experiences of this cohort suggest that reduced anxiety and improvement in ability to think and function were important mechanisms alongside, or in some cases independently of, improvement in mood. Further studies of patients' experiences are required to gain enhanced understanding of the variability of effects of ketamine on SI and functionality.

Predicting efficacy of sub-anesthetic ketamine/esketamine i.v. dose during course of cesarean section for PPD prevention, utilizing traditional logistic regression and machine learning models

Qiuwen Li etal.
2023   |   Journal of Affective Disorders
Logistic regression and machine learning algorithm, especially the KNN model, could predict the effectiveness of ketamine/esketamine iv. during the course of cesarean section for PPD prevention. An individualized preventative strategy could be developed after entering puerpera clinical features into the model, possessing great clinical practice value in reducing PPD incidence.

Efficacy of a single low dose of esketamine after childbirth for mothers with symptoms of prenatal depression: randomised clinical trial

Shuo Wang, etal.
2024   |   The BMJ
For mothers with prenatal depression, a single low dose of esketamine after childbirth decreases major depressive episodes at 42 days post partum by about three quarters. Neuropsychiatric symptoms were more frequent but transient and did not require drug intervention.

Rapid Antidepressant Response with Ketamine: Is it the Solution to Resistant Depression?

Rajarshi Guha Thakurta, et al.
2012   |   Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine
The ketamine infusion was effective in reducing the HDRS scores, and the change remained significant from minute 80 to day 3 postinfusion at each time point. The change was not significant at any time after day 3. Conclusion: The real strength of this study rests in documenting the rapid, albeit short-lived, antidepressant effect of ketamine in TRD.
Cover of the Journal of Psychiatric Research, Volume 61, Number 1, July 2015, featuring a brain image and scientific graphics.

Ketamine, magnesium and major depression – From pharmacology to pathophysiology and back

Harald Murck
2013   |   Journal of Psychiatric Research
On the basis of the potential pathophysiological role of Mg2þ-regulation, it may be possible to predict the action of ketamine and of related compounds based on Mg2þ levels. Furthermore, screening for compounds to increase neuronal Mg2þ concentration could be a promising instrument to identify new classes of antidepressants. Overall, any discussion of the glutamatergic system in affective disorders should consider the role of Mg2þ.
Journal of Psychiatric Research cover featuring abstract brain images and text about the publisher, research institution, and issue details.

Can ‘floating' predict treatment response to ketamine? Data from three randomized trials of individuals with treatment-resistant depression

Elia E. Acevedo-Diaz, et al.
2020   |   Journal of Psychiatric Research
The results of this study suggest that the dissociative SE of floating is not associated with antidepressant response to ketamine in individuals with TRD and therefore cannot be used as an indicator or predictor of treatment response. Identifying clinical markers or predictors of treatment response could minimize the need to expose individuals to the risks associated with ketamine (particularly with repetitive dosing) and continues to be a potentially fruitful area of research.
Cover of Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging journal, October 2017, featuring an illustrated brain with colorful lit-up points on a red background.

Prefrontal Connectivity and Glutamate Transmission: Relevance to Depression Pathophysiology and Ketamine Treatment

Chadi G. Abdallah, M.D. et al.
2018   |   Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging
This study provides first replication of the ability of ketamine to normalize depression-related prefrontal dysconnectivity. It also provides indirect evidence that these effects may be triggered by the capacity of ketamine to enhance glutamate neurotransmission.
Cover of the Journal of Psychiatric Research, featuring a brain illustration and text details about the journal's volume and issue.

Botulinum toxin for the management of depression: An updated review of the evidence and meta-analysis

Jara Schulze, et al.
2021   |   Journal of Psychiatric Research
Botulinum toxin (BTX) treatment of glabellar frown lines is one of the most common procedures in aesthetic medicine. In addition to its cosmetic effect, the neurotoxin has been shown to have a positive influence on mood and affect. Several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have examined the effect of botulinum toxin on the treatment of depression. Combining the results of the five RCTs in a random effects meta-analysis revealed that patients treated with BTX showed a more intense improvement of depressive symptoms in comparison to subjects that received placebo injections (d = 0.98). Despite methodological limitations, the results of this study emphasize the effectiveness of BTX in the treatment of depression and therefore pave the way for its use in the field of psychiatry.

Postmarketing safety surveillance data reveals protective effects of botulinum toxin injections against incident anxiety

M. Axel Wollmer, et al.
2021   |   Scientific Reports
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown an antidepressant effect of glabellar botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections. In the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database, BoNT injection is associated with reduced incidence rates of depression across various non-psychiatric indications, which confirms the previous findings independently of specific expectations to an antidepressant effect of BoNT. The rationale of using BoNT to treat depression is to interrupt proprioceptive body feedback that may reinforce negative emotions. Negative emotions also occur in other mental disorders, suggesting a transdiagnostic therapeutic potential of BoNT in psychiatry.

Neuronal effects of glabellar botulinum toxin injections using a valenced inhibition task in borderline personality disorder

Tillmann H. C. Kruger et al
2022   |   Scientific Reports
This is the first study to investigate a novel approach to the peripheral manipulation of emotional expression in an undertreated disorder (BPD), combining clinical data with neuroimaging. The findings contribute to the highlighted role of the amygdala in emotional processing and its possible connection to impulsivity in BPD and support the idea of embodied emotions and their modulation by glabellar BTX injections. Despite the absence of a clear clinical benefit of BTX on BPD symptomatology compared to ACU in this study, these results may encourage further research into the use of BTX in the treatment of BPD and other mental disorders involving an excess of negative emotionality.
Cover of "Biological Psychiatry" journal, volume 85, with text noting the supplement for the 74th annual meeting and "50 Years" anniversary badge.

PTSD Augmented Psychotherapy With Ketamine (KPE) – First Results

Or Duek PhD et al.
2019   |   Biological Psychiatry
Augmenting PE with ketamine is a novel treatment. This study shows promising results in behavioral and neural measures, suggesting higher efficacy for KPE in long-term outcomes. The low number of patients requires us to use these results with caution, but evidence supporting changes in brain connectivity and no drop out propel further investigation.
Book cover titled "Advances in Psychedelic Medicine," showcasing mushrooms, a cannabis leaf, and hands holding pills, edited by Michael Winkelman and Ben Sessa.

Advances in Psychedelic Medicine: State-of-the-Art Therapeutic Applications

Michael J. Winkelman & Ben Sessa, MD
2019   |  
More than a decade ago, the U.S. government lifted its ban on all testing of psychedelic substances. Winkelman and Sessa now provide updated scientific research and applications of these substances, now moving into approved categories of medicine. The text is an up-to-date assessment of the latest advances in the field of psychedelic medicine, covering the use of LSD, psilocybin, MDMA, ayahuasca, and other substances to augment psychotherapies for a range of disorders. It discusses medical and psychiatric concerns, clinical efficacy and safety, ethical considerations, and neuroscience findings regarding the psychedelic compounds. Topics covered include an overview of psychiatric applications of psychedelics; treatments for addictions and depressive disorders; effects of psychedelics on inflammation and neuroplasticity; evidence for clinical applications of DMT, ayahuasca, and cannabidiol; psychedelic treatment of sociopathic disorders; microdosing psychedelics; training psychedelic therapists; and community-based harm reduction approaches to managing psychedelic crises.
Cover of "Psychopharmacology, Second Edition" by R. H. Ettinger, featuring a human profile with a brain filled with various pills against a blue background.

Ketamine induces immediate and delayed alterations of OCD-like behavior

Summer L. Thompson et al.
2020   |   Psycopharmacology
Our results suggest that the 5-HT1BR-induced model of OCD-like behavior is sensitive to a low dose of ketamine, a potential fast-acting anti-OCD treatment, and may provide a tool for studying mechanisms underlying the rapid therapeutic effects of ketamine in OCD patients.
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Cover of The American Journal of Psychiatry, January 2024, featuring an abstract illustration with text on psychiatric topics, including psilocybin and weight gain.

The Effect of a Single Dose of Intravenous Ketamine on Suicidal Ideation: A Systematic Review and Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis

Samuel T. Wilkinson, M.D. et al.
2018   |   American Journal of Psychiatry
Ketamine rapidly (within 1 day) reduced suicidal ideation significantly on both the clinician-administered and self-report outcome measures. Effect sizes were moderate to large at all time points after dosing. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that compared with control treatments, ketamine had significant benefits on the individual suicide items of the MADRS, the HAM-D, and the QIDS-SR but not the BDI. Ketamine’s effect on suicidal ideation remained significant after adjusting for concurrent changes in severity of depressive symptoms.
Cover of the Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, July/August 2006 edition, featuring editor names and the Wolters Kluwer logo.

Urgent Ketamine Infusion Rapidly Eliminated Suicidal Ideation for a Patient With Major Depressive Disorder A Case Report

Mu-Hong Chen, MD, et al.
2013   |   Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology
In summary, we found it feasible to use ketamine urgently in our clinical practice to reduce suicidal ideation and dysphoria for a patient with MDD. Urgent ketamine could potentially reduce use of psychiatric emergency services and the need for inpatient psychiatric admissions. Patients should be carefully selected and close follow-up must be ensured. Future studies should evaluate whether using ketamine urgently improves patient out- comes, patient satisfaction, and to what extent it affects treatment costs compared to the current standard of care for suicidal crises in MDD, including ECT.

Spontaneous Remission of Ketamine Withdrawal–Related Depression

Po-Chun Lin, MD et al.
2016   |   Clinical Neuropharmacology

Beyond Depression: Ketamine and Glutamatergic Agents for PTSD, OCD, and Other Potential Applications

John W. Dougherty III, et al.
2018   |   Psychiatric Annals
In summary, PTSD, OCD, and other disorders still lack consistently effective pharmacologic treatments. Although the underlying pathophysiology of each disorder is still not well understood, there are links in these disorders that suggest impairments in the glutamate system. The study of current glutamatergic agents and the development of novel options may provide a missing piece of the treatment puzzle. More robust clinical research is needed; however, it does appear that glutamatergic drugs may provide another option for treatment refractory patients.
Logos of UNC University Libraries and SAGE Publishing on a split background, top half white and bottom half blue.

Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy for PTSD Related to Racial Discrimination

Mailae Halstead, et al.
2021   |   Sage Publishing
We report on the results of ketamine-assisted intensive outpatient psychotherapeutic treatment of a client with treatment-resistant, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a result of experiences of racism and childhood sexual abuse. Treatment led to a significant reduction in symptoms after completion of the program, with gains maintained 4 months post-treatment. This case study demonstrates the effective use of ketamine as an adjunct to psychotherapy in treatment-resistant PTSD.
Cover of the Journal of Adolescent Health, published by the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine, with the slogan "Improving the Lives of Adolescents and Young Adults.

The Comorbid Psychiatric Symptoms of Internet Addiction: Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Depression, Social Phobia, and Hostility

Ju-Yu Yen, M.D. et al.
2007   |   Journal of Adolescent Health
The results demonstrated that adolescents with Internet addiction had higher ADHD symptoms, depression, social phobia, and hostility. Higher ADHD symptoms, depression, and hostility are associated with Internet addiction in male adolescents, and only higher ADHD symptoms and depression are associated with Internet addiction in female students.
Cover of "Comprehensive Psychiatry" featuring overlapping silhouettes of heads filled with puzzle pieces.

The effect of methylphenidate on Internet video game play in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Doug Hyun Han, et al.
2009   |   Comprehensive Psychiatry
After 8 weeks of treatment, the YIAS-K scores and Internet usage times were significantly reduced. The changes in the YIAS-K scores between the baseline and 8-week assessments were positively correlated with the changes in total and inattention scores from the Korean DuPaul's ADHD Rating Scale, as well as omission errors from the Visual Continuous Performance Test. There was also a significant difference in the number of omission errors among non-Internet-addicted, mildly Internet addicted, and severely Internet addicted participants.

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